BestBlogs.dev Highlights Issue #8

This article introduces Ant Group's open-source Graph RAG framework, which combines Large Language Models (LLMs) and Knowledge Graph technology to enhance the accuracy and reliability of LLM question answering. The article first analyzes the shortcomings of traditional RAG technology, including missing content in knowledge bases and TopK truncation issues, and proposes Graph RAG as a solution. Graph RAG introduces Knowledge Graph technology, using Graph format to store knowledge, providing high-quality context, reducing model hallucination, and improving question answering accuracy. The article also details the core pipeline of Graph RAG, including Triple Extraction, Subgraph Retrieval, and Subgraph Context Generation. It implements document triple extraction and subgraph traversal through LLM services to improve retrieval and generation quality. Additionally, the article discusses the main objectives and future exploration directions of Graph RAG in the content indexing and retrieval-generation stages, including Graph Metadata, Knowledge Extraction Fine-tuning, Graph Community Summarization, Multimodal Knowledge Graph, Hybrid Storage, and RAG Agent. Finally, the article emphasizes the future optimization directions of Graph RAG and its evolution towards an Agent architecture, indicating that Agents will be the main theme of future AI applications.

The technical article on Ctrip's Registration Center provides an in-depth exploration of its efficient and reliable architecture, presenting a comprehensive solution to the challenges inherent in a microservices architecture. The article's core content includes the design of a two-layered structure—comprising a data layer and a session layer—and discusses how data sharding, multi-write mechanisms, and self-discovery protocols guarantee system stability and scalability. Strategies highlighted for the registration center to tackle performance bottlenecks and single points of failure encompass the TTL mechanism at the data layer, the combination of event-driven notifications and fallback polling, as well as ongoing optimizations for single-machine performance.

The author carefully scrutinizes the design choices made, such as opting for plain hashing over consistent hashing, and how to strike a balance between the SDK and proxy layers to cater to business needs. In addressing sudden surges in traffic and issues of traffic imbalance, the article outlines specific optimization strategies, including data aggregation and deduplication, along with the adjustment of session affinity, to bolster the system's resilience under stress. Additionally, the introduction of business semantics and grouping mechanisms has effectively reduced global risk factors, ensuring data isolation across business lines and enabling robust fault recovery and switching capabilities.

Meta is introducing an AI-assisted root cause analysis system that utilizes a combination of heuristics and large language models (LLMs) to streamline incident investigations. This system, during backtesting, achieved a 42% accuracy in identifying root causes for investigations related to their web monorepo. The system involves a heuristics-based retriever to reduce the search space followed by an LLM-based ranker to identify the top five potential code changes as the root cause. The LLM model was fine-tuned using historical investigations and internal data, demonstrating the potential of AI to enhance incident response and reduce investigation time.

This article discusses how YouTube utilized Vitess to add NoSQL-like capabilities to MySQL, enabling it to handle the data needs of 2.49 billion users. Vitess is a system that provides an abstraction layer over MySQL, allowing for simplicity and scalability in the face of extreme growth. Key points include the use of VTTablet as a sidecar server, VTGate for routing SQL queries, and a distributed key-value store for managing topology and configuration.

Redis is renowned for its speed, and the latest enhancements to the Redis Query Engine have propelled it beyond the performance of seven other leading databases, particularly in the realm of vector database operations. This improvement, achieved through multi-threading technology, allows Redis to increase query throughput while maintaining low latency, which is crucial for real-time data platforms and applications that require rapid responses, especially when dealing with large volumes of data. The performance boost in Redis supports a variety of applications ranging from chatbots to large language models, meeting the demands of enterprise-level services. After comparing three different categories of vector database providers, Redis has demonstrated its superior performance, offering higher throughput and better scalability than pure vector databases, general-purpose databases with vector capabilities, and Redis imitators. The new Redis Query Engine is now generally available in Redis Software and is scheduled to be released for Redis Cloud in the fall.

This article details Didi's extensive use of Elasticsearch across its business operations, emphasizing the engine's role in online retrieval scenarios. It highlights how Elasticsearch has become a benchmark for stability within Didi's big data architecture. The article covers several key aspects, including architecture, deployment, data synchronization, engine iteration, cost optimization, multi-tenant resource isolation, data security, and stability governance. It showcases how Didi has addressed various challenges and optimized Elasticsearch for performance, stability, and cost efficiency.

In the digital era, responsive web design (RWD) is crucial for ensuring that websites deliver an exceptional user experience across a multitude of devices. This article delves into the pivotal role of breakpoints in RWD, illustrating how they enable websites to adapt to various screen sizes, thereby enhancing device compatibility, user experience, performance, and SEO.

The article begins by laying out the foundations of RWD, which encompass fluid grids, flexible images, and CSS media queries, and then proceeds to discuss the strategic selection and implementation of breakpoints. The author offers a 2024 guide to breakpoint ranges, spanning from mobile phones to large desktop displays, providing designers with practical references. Using examples of media queries, the article showcases how to tailor CSS styles for different screen sizes and underscores the significance of selecting breakpoints in line with the device preferences of the target audience.

Furthermore, the article explores advanced technologies such as container queries, flexible units (ems and rems), as well as CSS Grid and Flexbox, all of which contribute to a more nuanced level of control in responsive design.

This article explores the evolution of hybrid app (Hybrid APP) development technology, elaborating on the key roles played by webview (H5), React Native, and mini-program technologies, and the transformations they have brought. It discusses how issues such as the lack of native capabilities, long white screens, and delayed user operation responses in web development have been addressed.

This article emphasizes the importance of web accessibility, outlining best practices for frontend web development to cater to a wider audience, including those with disabilities. It covers semantic HTML, keyboard navigation, accessible forms, color contrast, and responsive design.

This tutorial thoroughly discusses two essential methods for managing form inputs and user interactions in React.js: controlled and uncontrolled components.

Controlled components utilize React's state management to handle form data, guaranteeing data consistency and predictability. This approach simplifies the implementation of form validation, data formatting, and user input responsiveness. The article illustrates the implementation of controlled components with example code, detailing aspects such as state management, event handling, form submission, and interactions with child components.

In contrast, uncontrolled components leverage the DOM to manage form data, using refs to directly access DOM elements. These are well-suited for simple forms or situations that necessitate direct DOM manipulation.

The article further explores the pros and cons of controlled and uncontrolled components, guiding readers on selecting the most appropriate component type based on form complexity, validation needs, and integration with external libraries. It concludes by highlighting the critical factors to consider when choosing between controlled and uncontrolled components in React applications and provides insights on making informed decisions tailored to specific scenarios.

Headless UI v2.1 has enhanced the transition API for React, simplifying the process of adding transition effects to components. The introduction of the transition property allows for direct application to built-in components. Additionally, four new data attributes—data-closed, data-enter, data-leave, and data-transition—have been implemented to control the various stages of transitions independently. These attributes enable developers to easily apply transition styles to target elements by adding classes. Furthermore, version 2.1 introduces the capability to render multiple dialogs concurrently without nesting, which proves especially beneficial when different parts of an application need to present dialogs simultaneously.

The Headless UI documentation has been refreshed to demonstrate the utilization of the new transition API, with all components having been updated to leverage this API. While the previous API is still supported for backward compatibility, the new approach is preferred for future development. Developers are encouraged to integrate these latest features by installing the most recent version of Headless UI.

An article on the Netflix Technology Blog introduced the Video Annotator (VA) framework, designed to simplify the machine learning annotation process by engaging domain experts directly within a human-in-the-loop system that employs active learning and the zero-shot capabilities of expansive vision-language models. The VA framework targets video understanding by assisting users in efficiently training models through an extensible set of binary video classifiers, thereby enabling scalable scoring and retrieval of extensive content libraries.

The article outlined the three-step VA process: initiating with a search for initial examples, proceeding through an active learning loop, and culminating in a review of annotated video clips. This approach steers users toward concentrating on more difficult instances, enhancing the model's sample efficiency and curtailing costs. Furthermore, VA facilitates continuous annotation, which is conducive to swift model deployment and iteration. Experimental findings indicate that VA can achieve a median increase of 8.3 percentage points in Average Precision compared to traditional methods. In addition, code for replicating the experiments, along with a dataset annotated by professional video editors using VA, was made publicly available.

The article outlines how Alipay's Financial Technology Operations team has tackled the challenges of one-stop page construction, operations, and data analytics by utilizing the "Mantianxing" (Sky Full of Stars) platform. This platform harnesses modular components, strategic controls, and data intelligence to facilitate rapid development and deliver personalized services. Its key features encompass swift page assembly, granular operational management, data-driven insights, multi-platform output capabilities, and streamlined one-stop operational experiences. The platform enables the rapid creation of pages using modular components and tailorable strategies to customize content for diverse user groups. It provides precise control over content deployment, allowing for targeted distribution based on various criteria such as time, location, and user segmentation. With standardized data collection and analytics, the platform offers penetrating insights into page performance and content efficacy. It also accommodates a range of output formats, ensuring consistent content display across multiple channels including WeChat Mini Programs, H5 pages, native applications, and PC websites. By amalgamating a suite of tools and services into a unified interface, the platform significantly simplifies the operational workflow. Furthermore, the article delves into the pivotal architectural designs of Mantianxing, elucidates strategies for enhancing business efficiency, and highlights innovative initiatives and best practices adopted by the platform.

Cloudflare Stream introduces a new feature that allows users to generate video captions effortlessly with AI. This feature supports on-demand videos and live stream recordings, enhancing accessibility without additional costs. It simplifies the workflow by integrating directly into the Stream platform, ensuring data privacy and security. The feature is available through the Cloudflare Dashboard or API, starting June 20th, 2024.

The article begins by presenting the foundational concepts and capabilities of pfinder, including call chain tracing, application topology mapping, and multidimensional monitoring. It then contrasts pfinder with other Application Performance Management (APM) tools such as Zipkin, Pinpoint, SkyWalking, and CAT, emphasizing pfinder's support for JD.com's internally developed components, such as jsf, jmq, and jimdb.

Delving deeper, the article explores the technical underpinnings of pfinder, particularly the critical aspects of bytecode enhancement: bytecode manipulation and injection. It provides examples using bytecode manipulation frameworks like ASM, Javassist, ByteBuddy, and ByteKit, comparing their performance and ease of use. On the topic of bytecode injection, the article discusses the application of JVMTIAgent and the instrumentation API, as well as methods for printing method execution times using javaagent.

Furthermore, the article expounds on pfinder's application architecture and the process of enhancing code with plugins, detailing how bytecode enhancement is achieved through the use of AgentBuilder and outlining the specific steps involved in plugin-based bytecode enhancement.

In its concluding remarks, the article proposes several considerations for future development, such as addressing the issue of traceId loss in multi-threaded scenarios and implementing features like hot deployment.

This article explores the precise recommendation strategies and practical applications of large models in recommendation systems, with a focus on analyzing their implementation and effectiveness in e-commerce platforms through specific cases. The article delves into the advantages of large models in recommendation systems, including their strong semantic understanding capabilities, multimodal feature fusion, online learning capabilities, and efficient feature extraction. It examines existing application cases in platforms like Netflix, Amazon, and Spotify, highlighting the successful use of large models for personalized recommendations. Furthermore, the article outlines strategies for precise recommendations using large models, such as user profile construction, content understanding and representation, and real-time recommendation and online learning. It also addresses challenges faced in practice, like computational resources and efficiency, data privacy and security, model generalization and robustness, and provides solutions for each. The article concludes with a practical case study of a large e-commerce platform that uses a GPT-4 model to enhance recommendation accuracy and user satisfaction, showcasing the implementation details and key technical aspects involved. Lastly, it explores future directions for large model-based recommendation systems, emphasizing cross-domain integration, personalization and fairness, enhanced user engagement, explainability and interpretability.

The engineering team at Pinterest made the strategic decision to deprecate their HBase clusters due to prohibitively high maintenance costs, a scarcity of HBase expertise, and the product's limited functionality. At its zenith, HBase was integral to Pinterest's operations, with 50 clusters, 9,000 AWS EC2 instances, and over 6 PB of data storage. As technology progressed, the company pivoted towards modern database solutions such as TiDB, highlighting the reliability challenges, technical debt, and feature deficits associated with HBase.

Although HBase was Pinterest's inaugural NoSQL database and one of the most extensively adopted storage backends, its maintenance costs soared over time, encumbered by years of technical debt and reliability hazards. The process of updating HBase was notoriously slow and fraught with difficulties, attributable to outdated build, deployment, and provisioning systems, as well as compatibility issues. Moreover, HBase's absence of distributed transaction support precipitated numerous bugs and incidents. Its performance in handling OLAP workloads was also found lacking when compared to alternative data storage options.

Docker has announced the beta release of a new feature called Docker Build Summary, which is designed to provide deeper insights into Docker builds directly within GitHub Actions. This feature is integrated into Docker Desktop version 4.31, offering enhanced capabilities such as detailed performance metrics, including build duration and cache utilization, as well as an overview of build configurations.

With Docker Build Summary, users can directly access detailed error information, performance metrics such as the duration of the build stage, and cache usage, along with configuration details about build inputs. Furthermore, build results can be packaged into a .dockerbuild archive file, which can be imported into the Build View in Docker Desktop for comprehensive build details, including timings, dependencies, logs, and traces, aiding in the efficient diagnosis of complex build issues.

The Docker team aims to enhance team collaboration by introducing these new features. These .dockerbuild archive files are ideal for team investigations as they can be shared through Slack, email, or attached to GitHub issues and Jira tickets. To begin using these features, users should update their Docker Build GitHub Actions configuration to the latest versions and ensure they are using Docker Desktop 4.31 or later.

Explore how to turn a simple image of your app's UI into working code, improve UI, simplify tasks, and streamline UX with Google AI Studio. The article introduces three experiments using foundational Gemini capabilities within the AI Studio environment.

This article challenges the stereotype of the '10x developer' as an antisocial genius and instead emphasizes the importance of community learning within teams. It argues that developers who contribute to the learning and growth of their team are more valuable than those who solely focus on individual achievements. The article explores the concept of communities of practice and their role in breaking down silos, fostering collaboration, and accelerating innovation.

This article offers a comprehensive analysis of ByteDance's AI product 'Doubao', encompassing product positioning, market performance, technical features, business paths, and future development directions. Doubao is positioned as a comprehensive AI agent platform, benchmarking against ChatGPT and Wenxin Yiyan. It currently has a monthly active user base of 26 million in China, making it one of the highest active AI products. Doubao not only demonstrates ByteDance's large model capabilities but also features immersive voice dialogue, customizable agents, text-to-image generation, and other core functionalities. The article also details Doubao's multiple iterations and feature updates, as well as its competitive situation in the chatbot market segment. In terms of business paths, Doubao attracts users through free access at the C-end, ultimately aiming to profit through enterprise-end purchases of large models and cloud services. In the future, Doubao will deepen and upgrade in core application scenarios, agent ecosystems, multimodal AI scenarios, and pluginization, gradually initiating commercial exploration.

Innovation is a key term in every company's mission and vision. While launching new features can attract new users and increase engagement, it comes with high costs and risks. This article explores the value of optimizing existing features for growth, using examples from companies like Facebook, Netflix, and Duolingo. Key points include the ARIA framework for feature optimization, the importance of reducing friction, and successful case studies from Duolingo.

Artificial Intelligence is spearheading a paradigm shift in enterprise services from Software-as-a-Service (SaaS) to Service-as-Software (SAS). This transformation not only boosts efficiency but also redefines software as the central element of service delivery. With the global service market's potential valued at $4.6 trillion, there is a significant opportunity for AI-driven service models. The article cites Wizia's AI SDR as a case in point, showcasing how AI can automate sales processes, thereby facilitating a business model centered on tangible results, with software providers charging based on the actual outcomes of their services.

In the domains of software engineering and cybersecurity, AI is revolutionizing professional workflows by automating complex tasks such as code reviews, front-end design, documentation drafting, and security analysis. These developments have not only enhanced productivity but also fostered the advent of innovative business models and service delivery methods.

Crucially, the article underscores that AI is not rendering the SaaS model obsolete; instead, it is driving the evolution of SaaS. Artificial Intelligence and SaaS are set to coexist, with human expertise remaining integral to workflow design and execution. As AI technology continues to progress, it is imperative for both enterprises and individuals to adapt to this evolution to effectively navigate the challenges and seize the opportunities presented by the future of technology.

This article, based on an interview with Leo Bosuener by Lenny, provides insights on how to successfully launch a new product on Product Hunt. Leo's company, Social Growth Labs, has helped over 60 startups rank first and more than 100 reach the top three on Product Hunt. The article includes a comprehensive introduction to Product Hunt and seven guidelines for securing the top spot, as recognized by Product Hunt's CEO, Rajiv Ayyangar. It emphasizes the importance of preparation, audience targeting, and timing for a successful launch.

Snowflake's growth narrative showcases how precise market positioning and strategic marketing initiatives can drive rapid expansion for an enterprise software company. From the outset, Snowflake employed a hunger marketing strategy, which was followed by data-driven marketing and Account-Based Marketing (ABM) to continually refine its marketing methods. This ensured effective customer attraction and retention throughout each phase of growth. The article emphasizes the critical importance of selecting the appropriate CEO at different stages of development and the key role that collaboration between marketing and sales teams plays in success. Utilizing detailed market research, personalized marketing activities, and the deployment of automation technologies, Snowflake successfully positioned its data warehouse solutions at the industry's vanguard. With the rise of AI technology, Snowflake stands at the threshold of new growth opportunities, and its marketing strategies are poised to evolve further to address the challenges of the AI age. This article presents a practical case study in marketing growth for enterprise software companies, shedding light on how to sustain growth momentum in a highly competitive marketplace.

In the digital marketing era, where brands compete to be heard, this article presents a clear strategy: incorporating User Experience (UX) principles into marketing design. UX design transcends product humanization; it is a critical component of effective marketing strategies. The article underscores that a profound understanding of the target audience's needs and behaviors enables marketers to craft more intuitive, efficient, and compelling user experiences.

Firstly, the article highlights the significance of a user-centric design philosophy. It suggests that marketing campaigns should be grounded in in-depth user research to ensure that the messaging resonates with user preferences and requirements. Additionally, it emphasizes the need for simplicity and clarity in design, which is vital for communicating brand information effectively in our information-saturated age, thereby preventing user confusion stemming from overly complex designs.

The article also stresses the necessity of channel consistency, ensuring that users enjoy a uniform brand experience across various platforms, including websites, social media, and email. Moreover, it highlights the critical role of usability and feedback mechanisms in marketing design. Responsive design guarantees that marketing materials function seamlessly across different devices, while methods such as A/B testing facilitate the ongoing collection of user feedback, iterative improvements, and strategic optimizations, all of which serve to bolster the efficacy of marketing initiatives.

This article discusses 10 common marketing mistakes made by contemporary youth, based on observations from a meeting video of the founder of Zulijian Elder Shoes and his daughter. The article highlights misconceptions such as over-reliance on content quality, excessive pursuit of trendy marketing terms, and unrealistic expectations of 'breaking the circle'. It also emphasizes the importance of understanding basic advertising principles, having a corporate development perspective, and not being swayed by new marketing buzzwords. The article serves as a guide for young marketers to avoid these pitfalls and improve their marketing strategies.

In the midst of the AI 2.0 era's sweeping tide, the 'Auto-pilot' mode exemplifies the progression of AI products from auxiliary to fully autonomous intelligence. This article offers an in-depth examination of this concept, differentiating between the 'Co-pilot' and 'Auto-pilot' modes, and elucidates the practical applications and inherent challenges of AI across these distinct paradigms. In the 'Co-pilot' mode, AI tools such as AiPPT have indeed elevated work efficiency, yet they exhibit certain constraints in scenario alignment and user-centric definition. Conversely, the 'Auto-pilot' mode unveils AI's capacity to supplant human roles, particularly within vertical industries, roles geared towards productivity enhancement, and scenarios that are less critical in nature. The core of the 'Auto-pilot' mode, as the article underscores, lies in the synthesis of multi-dimensional intelligence, marking a pivot from addressing correctness to prioritizing the quality of execution. Furthermore, the shift in AI product pricing models from conventional subscription-based frameworks to those centered on delivery outcomes and duration of use is poised to drive the proliferation of AI products and the actualization of their market value.

The article acknowledges that while AI technology appears to be advancing smoothly, it is still confronted with three significant challenges: elevating the level of intelligence, developing AI-native applications, and creating universal robots capable of integrating physical and digital functionalities. The author posits that AI must surpass conventional models to achieve genuine substitution of human roles and make substantial strides in intelligence. The advent of AI-native applications necessitates innovative thinking, methodologies, and metrics, rather than a mere application of AI technology to traditional business frameworks. Additionally, the article underscores the colossal technical hurdles in developing universal robots, especially concerning precise perception and action within physical environments. In the long run, AI's evolution could precipitate a foundational shift in the economic system, transitioning from mass production to on-demand production. Conquering each of these challenges may potentially broaden the economic scope for AI applications, whereas failure to surmount them could lead to instability and a contraction of role boundaries at the current intelligence level.

In the era of digital marketing, Little Red Book (Xiaohongshu) has emerged as an essential arena for brands and marketing professionals. This article thoroughly examines eight core methodologies for marketing operations on Little Red Book, offering a comprehensive marketing strategy system to readers. Initially, the article discusses the CES Score Traffic Distribution Model, highlighting the critical role of user engagement in content exposure and detailing how Little Red Book's scoring system refines content recommendations. Following this, the KFS Content Marketing Composite Model illustrates the synergistic effects of combining KOL content, feed ads, and search ads to achieve optimal marketing outcomes. The Explosive Article Test Funnel Model (531) presents a method for effectively identifying and promoting content with high engagement potential.

Within the article, the IDEA methodology underscores the importance of data-driven marketing approaches and the significance of forging tight-knit relationships between brands and users to amplify marketing impact. The PKCKS model delves deeper into the optimization of advertising placement strategies, scrutinizing aspects from product selection to the timing of ad rollouts. The Influencer Selection Model and the Audience Reverse Funnel Model offer strategic insights for precision marketing, focusing on the selection of appropriate KOLs and the expansion from core audience segments to wider interest groups. Ultimately, the AIPS model contributes a scientific foundation for targeted marketing efforts by examining the level of user-brand interaction.

The article delves into the multi-layered system of user experience design in B-end products, emphasizing the critical role of form design. It outlines four key strategies to enhance form design: scene-driven interaction strategies, scene-oriented layout strategies, form decomposition to reduce user operation burden, and ensuring input efficiency and accuracy. Key points include:

1. Different interaction methods like in-place editing, bubble cards, floating layers, drawer pop-ups, and new page redirects.
2. Various title alignment strategies such as left-aligned, right-aligned, top-aligned, and inner-aligned.
3. Modular grouping and step-by-step filling to simplify complex forms.
4. Real-time validation, visual rendering, and appropriate input components to improve user experience.

This article continues the discussion on the KISS principle in SaaS product design, focusing on the 'three abstractions' of the control layer: functional element abstraction, product rule transparency, and product capability configuration. Key points include: 1. Functional element abstraction helps users efficiently complete tasks by designing the relationships and combinations between entities and attributes. 2. Product rule transparency ensures users understand the rules behind product functionalities, enhancing user experience and reducing complaints. 3. Product capability configuration allows for scalable and flexible product design, accommodating various business needs and reducing future development costs.

AI Design Observations is a series initiated by MEUX to provide insights into design trends, regularly summarizing domestic and international design dynamics to bring the latest industry news. Key points include: 1. Apple's WWDC 2024 introduces innovative features. 2. Siri receives major upgrades. 3. Tencent launches 'Tencent Yuanbao' AI application. 4. Huawei's self-developed drawing software introduces 'super moves'. 5. iPadOS 18 adds Math Notes calculator. 6. iOS 18 photo app includes AI background removal tool. 7. iPad to adopt horizontal orientation after 14 years. 8. Chinese AI video model 'Sora' debuts. 9. AI version of Figma by Yuanfudao's parent company. 10. Michigan PhD student uses AI to decode dog sounds.

The article begins by acknowledging that the career progression for a product manager is not straightforward, particularly when advancing from a mid-level to a senior position. This transition necessitates a significant leap in capability and a shift in mindset. The author attributes the heightened challenge to a multitude of factors, including market dynamics, the company's growth trajectory, and the individual's own efforts. The evolution from a focus on "craft" to "art" requires product managers to move from task execution to strategic planning, from a micro-level to a macro-level view, from mere action to management, and from addressing appearances to grasping the underlying essence. The company's development and the leadership style are also identified as key influences on a product manager's growth. Furthermore, the article emphasizes the importance of personal insight and self-reflection in professional advancement. To overcome these growth plateaus, the article advises setting precise goals, discerning whether to follow a management track or deepen professional expertise. It also stresses the importance of strategically mapping out one's career path, utilizing available company resources, or taking the initiative to learn and grow independently. Ultimately, the article encourages relentless effort and dedication, emphasizing that achieving career goals requires concrete actions and continuous learning.